Earthquake mechanism, spectrum concept, multi degree of freedom system, modal analysis in earthquake response, earthquake resistant design, main philosophy of earthquake codes, earthquake codes and design criteria, spectral analysis of structures and simplified approaches, behavior of reinforced concrete structures subjected to earthquake ground motion, plastic hinge concept, capacity concept in design, earthquake resistant design, safety to earthquakes, limit states, general behavior of structures, structural irregularities, design spectra, elastic equivalent earthquake load, effect of earthquake load, acceleration spectrum, ductility of structures, equivalent earthquake load, modal superposition method, structural systems, construction rules for reinforced concrete structures, story displacements, design of base isolated structures, retaining walls.